UŻYCIE PERFEKTU
The present perfect is constructed with the present of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle. The forms from haber stand always immediately before the past participle. The form of the past participle is always the same and finishes, depending on the type of verb according to the conjugation:
First conjugation - ar: - ado |
trabajar |
praca |
| yo he trabajado |
Ja pracowałem |
|
| tú has trabajado |
i have worked |
|
| él/ella/usted ha trabajado |
he/she/you has worked |
|
| nosotros/nosotras hemos trabajado |
we have worked |
|
| vosotros/vosotras habéis trabajado |
you have worked |
|
| ellos/ellas/ustedes han trabajado |
they/you have worked |
|
Second conjugation -er : - ido |
deber |
zawdzięczać |
| yo he debido |
i have worked |
|
| tú has debido |
you have worked |
|
| él/ella/usted ha debido |
he/she/you has worked |
|
| nosotros/nosotras hemos debido |
we have worked |
|
| vosotros/vosotras habéis debido |
you have worked |
|
| ellos/ellas/ustedes han debido |
they/you have worked |
|
Third conjugation - ir : - ido |
sufrir |
ponieść |
| yo he sufrido |
i have worked |
|
| tú has sufrido |
you have worked |
|
| él/ella/usted ha sufrido |
he/she/you has worked |
|
| nosotros/nosotras hemos sufrido |
we have worked |
|
| vosotros/vosotras habéis sufrido |
you have worked |
|
| ellos/ellas/ustedes han sufrido |
they/you have worked |
|
Perfect is used :
1) for the actions and events spent inside a period of time that still not finished or that for the speaker has not finished yet. That's why, the past perfect one appears often with adverbials of time as: today, this morning, this week, these days, this month, this year. For example:
| Este año hemos doblado el volumen de ventas. |
Nasza sprzedaż podwoiła się w tym roku. |
| Esta mañana ha llegado la mercancía de la empresa española. |
Dziś rano przyszedł towarów z hiszpańską firmą. |
| Hoy no ha habido mucho movimiento en el almacén. |
Dzisiaj dużo ruchu nie było w składzie. |
2) for past actions and events whose time is not closer determined, or in connection with adverbials of time which produce a relation to the present like alguna vez (someday), muchas veces (many times), nunca (never), ya (already), todavía no (not yet). For example:
| ¿Has estado alguna vez en Tapachula? |
Czy kiedykolwiek byłeś w Tapachula? |
| He trabajado muchas veces por las noches. |
Ja pracowałem wiele razy w nocy. |
| Nunca he querido realizar esa tarea |
Nigdy nie chciałem wykonać to zadanie. |
w powrotem
